This Climate Vulnerability Assessment examines the agricultural sector’s exposure and sensitivity to climate risks in Machakos and Makueni counties, two semi-arid regions in eastern Kenya where agriculture serves as the primary economic activity, employing approximately 73% and 78% of the population respectively. The assessment reveals that both counties face significant climate-related challenges, with rainfall variability being the predominant concern affecting the livelihoods of over two million residents who depend heavily on rain-fed agriculture for subsistence and income generation.